A. Bragg Spectrometer
B. Mass Spectrometer
D. Cyclotron
Explanation:
Bragg Spectrometer: An instrument used to analyze crystal structure by using X-rays. In it, a beam of collimated X-rays strikes the crystal, and a detector measures the angles and intensities of the reflected beam. Applying Bragg's law to these measurements yields details about the crystal structure. Used, for instance, for X-ray diffraction studies that determine the structure of crystalline DNA. DNA is the abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid, and in its strands are contained the chemical basis of heredity. Also known as crystal spectrometer, ionization spectrometer, or crystal diffraction spectrometer.
Mass Spectrometer: Mass spectrometry (MS) is the science of displaying the spectra (singular spectrum) of the masses of the molecules comprising a sample of material. It is used for determining the elemental composition of a sample, the masses of particles and of molecules, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds.
G.M. Counter: A Geiger–Müller counter, also called a Geiger counter, is a type of particle detector that measures ionizing radiation. It detects the emission of nuclear radiation — alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays — by the ionization produced in a low-pressure gas in a Geiger–Müller tube, which gives its name to the instrument.
Cyclotron: A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator in which charged particles accelerate outwards from the center along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field. Cyclotrons can be used in particle therapy to treat cancer. Ion beams from cyclotrons can be used, as in proton therapy, to penetrate the body and kill tumors by radiation damage, while minimizing damage to healthy tissue along their path.
(Source: Wikipedia)
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